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Objectives: To examine whether a number of nutritional and familial factors were associated with menopausal development. Methods: A prospective postal survey amongst a random sample of 1227 women aged 47 to 51 who were premenopausal in a cross-sectional survey 2 years previously. Women were classed into three groups: premenopause (regular menstruation); irregular menstruation; postmenopausal (absence...
This study was a cross-sectional survey of mid-aged Thai women with the following aims: to describe their experience of symptoms and attitudes to menopause and to examine the relationships between symptoms, attitudes to menopause, sociodemographic variables and menopausal status. The sample was 268 women aged between 40 and 59 y who had accompanied patients to the outpatients department of the Royal...
Objective: To estimate the potential efficacy and cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures, with and without the assistance of perimenopausal bone mineral density (BMD) screening. Method: Residual lifetime fracture experience of a hypothetical cohort of 100 000 British women aged 45 years at baseline, modelled using prevailing UK mortality...
Objectives: to compare the effects of tibolone 2.5 mg (Livial ) with those of 17β-estradiol 2 mg plus norethisterone acetate 1 mg (Kliogest ) on sexual life. Methods: in a 48 week, double blind, multicenter study, 437 postmenopausal women were randomised to treatment with either tibolone or 17β-estradiol 2 mg plus norethisterone acetate. Treatment groups were compared with respect...
This paper describes the cultural context of middle-aged Thai women who took part in a survey of symptoms and attitudes to menopause. The women lived in Nonthaburi province, adjacent to Bangkok, which has undergone a transition from rural to urban. Household structure often includes three generations. There have been changing opportunities for women in areas of education, occupation and family...
A total of 79 healthy female transsexuals, divided into four groups, were involved in this study. Group 1 comprised 15 pre-operated normal cycling females; Group 2, five pre-operated females who were on regular androgen therapy for 1-3 years; Group 3, 27 post-operated females who were on regular androgen therapy for 2-12 years; and Group 4, 32 post-operated females who either had stopped or were...
Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of locally administered low-dose estrogens (0.625 mg of conjugated estrogens) and orally administered tibolone in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of atrophic vaginitis. Vaginal ultrasound was performed for the evaluation of endometrial or ovarian abnormalities. Methods: A 6-month comparative randomised prospective study...
Apart from predisposing to the formation of atherosclerosis in the coronary and cerebrovascular circulation, the menopause is also associated with an increased risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. The aim of this observational study was to determine whether the administration of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had any effect on peripheral flow velocity in postmenopausal women. Changes...
Objectives: To determine if delivery of estradiol from elastomeric vaginal rings gives estradiol blood levels in the range associated with effective estrogen replacement therapy and to determine the relation between in vitro estradiol release from the rings and blood levels in vivo. Secondary objectives related to changes in lipoprotein cholesterol, changes in climacteric symptoms, and evaluation...
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a progressive disorder characterized by a decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures. Several investigations have suggested that one of the mechanisms through which estrogen prevents bone loss was a modulation on secretion or release of various cytokines that are known to influence bone remodeling, even if some recent data have challenged this hypothesis...
Background: Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women has been associated with a decreased risk of heart disease. There is little information, however, about the effect of combined estrogen and progestin therapy on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Methods: We examined the relation between cardiovascular disease and postmenopausal hormone therapy for up to 16 years of follow-up in 59 337 women...
Serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a glycoprotein which was shown to be deposited in peri-arterial tissues and the glomerular basement membrane. It plays a part in aging, and the onset of amyloidosis and Alzheimer's disease. In order to investigate the effects of sex steroids on the SAP level in menopausal women, SAP was purified. Anti-SAP was raised through the immunization of rabbits. The SAP...
The pentraxin serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a 9.5Sα 1-glycoprotein and it has recently been found to be deposited in atherosclerotic lesions or neurofibrillary tangles, which are related to the aging process and Alzheimer's disease. The level of SAP was measured by micro single radial-immunodiffusion. Sample sera were obtained from 420 healthy humans, from newborn to 86 years old. The changes...
The aim of the study was to examine the role of peak bone mass and rate of postmenopausal bone loss for the subsequent risk of osteoporotic fracture. One hundred and eighty-two women within 3 years of menopause were followed longitudinally for 15 years. Over the first 2 years, forearm bone mass (single photon absorptiometry) was measured nine times, the rate of bone loss was calculated, and the women...
Objective: To determine the prevalence of continuous use of oral steroids in the general population, the conditions for which they are prescribed, and the extent to which patients taking oral steroids are taking treatment to prevent osteoporosis. Design: a cross-sectional study with a 4-year retrospective review of drug treatment. Setting: Eight large general practices in central and southern Nottinghamshire...
The major milestones in the history of menopause provide a fascinating background to understanding current attitudes and prognosticating future trends in the perception and management of this event through which all women will inevitably pass. Menopause is a word of multiple meanings. Once the subject of taboo; now almost in danger of overexposure. Once neglected, now recognized by multiple...
Several causes of lacrimal insufficiency have been recognized, including Sjogren's syndrome and other immune-related processes as well as a disparate group of non-immune related disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying primary lacrimal deficiency (PLD), the most common cause of dry eye, have remained obscure. After summarizing mechanisms of lacrimal secretion and stimulus-secretion coupling,...
Background: Most investigators have hypothesized that the increase in mortality following osteoporotic fractures reflects poor underlying health status in addition to the acute effects of the fracture. Methods: We observed 9704 ambulatory women aged 65 years or older enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. We obtained reports of fractures and deaths every 4 months and reviewed death certificates...
Objective: Our purpose was to compare the effects of a new estradiol-releasing vaginal ring with progesterone given as a vaginal suppository, versus the efficacy, safety and acceptability of an intrauterine device releasing levonorgestrel combined with estradiol, delivered transdermally from a patch. Climacteric symptoms, bleeding pattern and endometrial histologic features were studied. Methods:...
Osteoporosis is recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in aging women, but there have been few epidemiologic studies in men. Potential risk factors for osteoporotic fractures were assessed in 820 elderly men aged 60 years or above in the city of Dubbo (Australia). During the follow-up period of 1989-1994, the overall incidence of fractures (determined from X-ray reports) was 220...
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